The European security environment has undergone significant transformation following Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, particularly amid rising uncertainty over the credibility of US security commitments. This paper examines the drivers of Europe’s current security dilemma—marked by Russian coercion and doubts about US commitment—and explores possible pathways to strengthen European security. As an answer, we propose …
The traditional rulers in Nigeria and customary forums such as Jirgas in Pakistan function as hybrid governance institutions that mediate between state authority, local communities, and constitutional norms, asking how they sustain legitimacy and accountability in fragile democracies while delivering justice and managing conflict. The research uses a comparative qualitative approach that analyses policy documents, …
Hybrid governance in Nigeria and Pakistan has not only persisted as a legacy of colonial state formation but has also evolved into a complex system of shared authority between state institutions and traditional, religious, and community actors. This evolution reflects a qualitative shift toward negotiated governance, where Emirs, Obas, vigilante groups and jirgas play central …